Farmers learn to profit from not saving seed potato

Seed-tuber production schemes are helping farmers in Kenya and Uganda to produce quality potato planting material. Previously, because of the difficulties smallholders faced in purchasing good quality seed-tubers, they found themselves forced to depend on tubers saved from their own harvest. Yet infected home-saved tubers often carried bacterial wilt over to the next crop. A method known as the 'seed-plot' technique now allows smallholders with limited access to land to multiply seed-tubers effectively, lessening the impact of home-saved seed practices. Farmer associations, market chains, and communication and management structures support these production schemes. Materials designed to strengthen farmers' knowledge of marketing, finance and group dynamics help to ensure success.

Project Ref: CPP10:
Topic: 1. Improving Farmers Livelihoods: Better Crops, Systems & Pest Management
Lead Organisation: Central Science Laboratory, UK
Source: Crop Protection Programme

Contents:		Description
		Validation
		Current Situation
		Lessons Learned
		Impacts On Poverty
		Environmental Impact

Description

Research Programmes:

Crop Protection Programme

With additional support in the first year of R8104 from DFID Uganda as part of Livelihood Initiative for Eastern Uganda [LIFE] Project 1^st July 1999- 30^th June 2003.

Additional support for quality management training [R8435] was provided by DANIDA ASPS.

Relevant Research Projects:

* Julian Smith moved from CAB International to Central Science Laboratory during the course of these projects [April 2005]

** Some outputs and comments relate to earlier CPP project R5310 [1992-96] and R6629 [1996-200]

*** More specific information on project R8435 is to be found within the submission of AT Uganda [Sustainable potato seed - tuber management and marketing through commercialisation]

Research Outputs, Problems and Solutions:

Purpose:  This project cluster focused on potato and the benefit to smallholders in using clean [pest-free] seed-tubers [1]. 

Problem statement: The project cluster recognised as the main constraint the limited supply of quality seed-tubers [formal sector] to smallholders for ware production, and the common practice of farmers to home-save seed [informal seed] that carries the risk of 'concentrating' seed-borne pests.  Bacterial Wilt [BW [Ralstonia solanacearum]] was identified as the main seed-borne pest.  Research focused on potato production in Kenya and Uganda.

Compounding constraints were recognised within the marketing of potato seed and the absence of a market pull to command a price differential between formal and informal seed, linked to constraints in distribution.

Project Cluster Outputs: 

• The development of a biocontrol agent [BCA] for the control of Bacterial Wilt in potato. Component outputs:
• Genetic engineering of a non-pathogenic mutant of R. solanaceraum [= BCA] effective at reducing incidence of BW.
• Permission for in-country testing of the BCA in Kenya and Republic of South Africa [RSA];  undertaken in RSA but not in Kenya.  Only the second approval for GMO testing in Kenya and instrumental in establishing the national biosafety legislation.
• Methods for monitoring [epidemiology] BW and BCA in soil that revealed some crops suppress soil populations of BW.  If validated under field conditions, would place crop rotation recommendations [soil health] on a scientific platform.
• The development of Best Practice seed-tuber multiplication protocols for phased multiplication of seed and ware production by medium and small-scale landholders.  Component outputs:

Phase 1:

• Distinct from ware, ridge/furrow seed-tuber management practices for optimised multiplication of basic seed; sorting of harvested seed by size for sale.
• Development of quality-assured, traceable systems of seed production and a farmer-based decision framework for field and post harvest pest thresholds [voluntary standards].
• Development of an on-farm method for the detection of BW within seed.

Phase 2:

• The development and promotion of Seed Plot Technique [SPT] for optimised quality seed [Phase 1] and land utilisation by smallholders for further seed production and ware production.
• The development of farmer association, market chain, communication and management structures for commercial seed and ware potato production.  Component outputs:
• Seed communication/distribution systems [e.g. Parish Development Committees] that identified the poorest-of-the-poor.
• Development of farmer association constitutions [e.g. Kapchorwa Seed Potato Association].
• Use of Safe Havens for seed sharing amongst 'trusted' sources
• Market branding of farmer association [e.g. farmer association KASPPA logo and bag] and introduction of collective marketing and pricing structures by quality-criteria.
• Development of Best Practice capacity strengthening materials for farmer associations in marketing, finance and group dynamics.

[1] The term seed and seed-tuber is used throughout, but it is recognised that technically this project cluster delivered tubers of a recommended size and low pest status that were suitable for planting. 

[An overview of these projects is to be found at:  Smith, J.J. [2005].  Research approaches to improve crop productivity using potato seed health.  In proceeding of Pathways out of Poverty, Eds. D. Harris, J.I. Richards, P. Silverside, A.F. Ward & J.R. Witcombe.  Aspects of Applied Biology 75, 23-36]

Types of Research Output:

Major Commodities Involved:

This project cluster focused on the commodity potato seed and, to a lesser extent, potato ware, and extends to [outputs] capacity building in bacteriology, development of a biocontrol agent, development of GMO biosafety assessments and indirectly legislation, pest control practices and quality/traceability management systems, and establishment and function of farmer associations through development of an innovation platform. 

Research approaches and capacity building realised in bacteriology within KARI can support investigation on the bacterial and/or soil microbiota constraints of other commodities, notably Banana Xanthomonas Wilt of banana.  This project cluster recognises soil health as a generic theme.  Experiences gained in working with GMOs are applicable to GMO biosafety legislation and environmental impact testing for soils in general.

The Best Practice seed quality and traceability outputs generated are widely applicable to 1] other seed crops, especially vegetatively propagated, were pests are transmitted with planting material and the practice of farmer-saved planting material are dominant over formal systems and/or 2] where a quality product can realise a higher market value.  Similarly, the procedures and lessons learnt in establishing the framer associations [KASPPA and ware marketing groups] have generic value to associations supporting other commodities and their functioning.  Collectively these outputs, or the experiences gained, can be applied to any system where a quality product supported by a policy or voluntary standard is appropriate and can command a higher market value through promotion and collective marketing by an association. 

Production Systems:

Farming Systems:

Potential for Added Value:  

Areas where value may be realised in clustering other project cluster outputs with this project cluster outputs [addressing additional constraints] are outlined below.

1. KASPPA remains actively producing and selling seed amongst its membership [operating safe havens], but is not producing enough to sell a significant volume outside of the organisation.  Limited availability and access to basic seed presents a significant obstacle to the expansion of KASPPA. 
2. The policy position in Kenya and Uganda [and East Africa] on seed-tuber pest standards is weak; dialogue with policy-makers on voluntary/more appropriate standards is needed.
3. Initially, the project focused on the push of seed, with attention given to the pull for ware and ware markets towards the latter stages.  This innovation platform remains to be substantiated with additional players and durable linkages through to main ware markets.  Moreover, farmer through to marketer awareness on how to work an innovation platform remains weak.
4. Smallholders use diverse risk management strategies based on the production of many crops and livestocks, and income realised from outside of agriculture.  The value of an association is more likely to be bought into by farmers if it is likewise pluralistic and not focused on a single commodity.  For example, although potato is recognised by farmers as a higher value crop than maize, it is viewed as too high risk for single-enterprise due to input costs and risk of pests.

Thus added value from other project clusters would be realised where those outputs addressed the above constraints on 1] basic [foundation] seed production, 2] policy on pest thresholds, 3 & 4] Development of innovation platforms and functionalising farmer associations, providing diverse interests in terms of crops and market-chain provisions.

The below project numbers appear to share themes with this project cluster where value [2-way] may be realised.

Seed health policy:  R8312/R8439/R7571; R8447; R8480

Soil Health and Pest Control:  R8453/R7566; R8414/R7965/R7568/R7569/R8316; R8478/R8316/R7568/R7965; R8435/R8014/R7858/R8016; R8452/R8215; R8296; R8449/R8212; R8342/R7567/R7529/R7972; R8513; R8443/R8044; R7778; R8436/R8194/R7564; R8480; R6580; R7962. R8436/R8194/R7564

Seed Production and Quality: R104/R8435; R8442/R8105; R8312/R8439/R7571; R8445/R8030;R6733; R8243; R8416/R7503; R8415; R7445/R6811; R8040; R8443/R8044; R8485/8182; R8480; R8273;  R8417/R8341 Also Various PSRP projects.

Production and Market chain promotion:  R8104/R8435; R8442/RR8105; R8219/R7405; R8445/R80830/R6733; R8429/R8281; R8485/R8182; R8182/R8418; R8275; R7151; R8274/R8498; R8113; R6344/R7013/R7668; R7496; R8250; R8114; R8421; R7520/R6769/R6507; R7494; R7498; R8422.

Validation

How the outputs were validated:

Where the Outputs were Validated:

See above

Current Situation

Policy and Institutional Structures, and Key Components for Success:

The success of the work undertaken on the BCA was muted by the failure to undertake efficacy tests in-country due to an absence existing biosafety legislation and the time this took to be implemented.  Whilst the appropriateness of the institutes that pushed for the biosafety approval is recognised, the gaining of approval of the BCA application was as much down to the persistence of individuals 'championing a cause'.

The success of the potato multiplication outputs has been based on the robust partnership of technical and local NGO partners, with the full participation of [= project level platform].  A clear vision for the project has always been apparent; the project although working with farmers has never gone in with an overt FFS approach or an open-ended offer to farmers on how to progress ideas.  The technical and NGO partners have been very purposeful and hands-on in what needs to be achieved, but have also been effective in evolving the proposed technologies to the interests of farmers. 

Capacity building has taken place at various levels, between the project partners and between the project partners and farmers.  Particularly the technical partners have worked well with the NGO in communicating agronomic and pest issues that the NGO in turn has communicated to the farmers. 

A further key factor has been the availability of clean seed from the NARs of Kenya [KARI] and Uganda [NARO] without which the starting material would most probably have been infected by Bacterial Wilt, with resulting crop failure.  However, if the NARs are the correct source of commercial seed is questioned - see later sections.  The additional institutional linkage with NAADS has provided a necessary platform for further and sustained development of KASPPA.  These have represented the main institute platforms though the absence of involving the MoA inspection services [KEPHIS; MAAIF] more strongly should be noted.

The value of forming farmer associations [= community level platform] so as to have a strong position to negotiate with traders, credit-providers and in accessing markets is borne out by this project cluster.  Most notably the ability to link with NAADS is only possible through such structures.  The strength of the NGO, AT Uganda, in motivating and training the association members has been a key factor.

Lessons Learned and Uptake Pathways

Promotion of Outputs:

The BCA and related Bacterial Wilt epidemiological methods is not being promoted to the author's knowledge.  Aspects of the epidemiology research was promoted in Bolivia and Peru [CRF7862[c]], but it is not known to what extent these are continuing.

The main promotion of the potato SPT is taking place under the ASARECA project [IRC04_C4-05].  This project has the SPT as a training component for farmers and is due to be implemented in Kenya, Uganda and Burundi.  In Uganda 10 farmer groups with a composition of 120 females and 82 males are involved, with similar scales of promotion in Kenya and Burundi.

The Best Practice protocols for seed multiplication and ware production are not being promoted actively through any other project to the author's knowledge.

The Best practice materials for business management and farmer association function are being promoted in Uganda by AT Uganda through projects supported by USAID [APEP] and DANIDA [APSP].  See submission by AT Uganda for more information.

Potential Barriers Preventing Adoption of Outputs:

Lessons Learned:

Placing value on evidence-based scientific and commercial principles has been foremost in decision-making.

It has not been the objective of the projects to directly deliver the outputs to the poorest people and thus robust quantitative data at the level of use by the poor is not available against all outputs.

Earlier phases focused on technologies [BCA] and basic research questions that, in addition to the direct outputs that were to be taken forward by NARs, built institutional capacity that can be demonstrated as having subsequent value through other potato related projects and other commodities.  Capacity building has by example enabled KEPHIS and KARI to better manage Bacterial Wilt within the pelargonium industry within Kenya, protecting large-revenue export markets.

The work under R8104 and R8435 mainly focused on the Primary Seed Multipliers that were medium-sized landholders [not small-scale farmers].  Subsequent dissemination of the seed was then targeted [cascaded] to more numerous poor people and women groups.  Supporting mass dissemination of training material went alongside these seed dispersals.  The training of trainers was effectively used as the mechanism of training.  Critical in this process of upscaling was the role of the Parish Development Councils that enabled the effective targeting of smallscale farmers and the formation of farmers as associations that provide coherent group structures for interaction.  Though all aspects of the seed and ware production were participatory with farmers, project activities were never structured as FFS and were from the outset progressing commercial interests amongst the farmers.

In summary, by two very different aspects of the project, the approach to targeting the poorest-of-the-poor has focused on stakeholders above this stakeholder tier and in the case of the potato dissemination with women as a recognised target group.

Impacts On Poverty

Poverty Impact Studies: 

One formal impact survey was conducted at the conclusion of R8104:

Impact Survey Report on Promoting Potato Seed Tuber Management for increased Ware Yields in Kapchorwa, Eastern Uganda.  Sarah Namisi, Rita Laker-Ojok, and Julian Smith. December 2004 [Draft Report]

A total of 116 beneficiaries and 240 non-beneficiaries were surveyed; the survey include a cost benefit analysis:

The cost-benefit analysis of seed potato production in Kapchorwa was calculated with KASPPA seed multipliers in a participatory manner with technical guidance from the project.  The production cost of seed production for one acre was estimated to be USh8,681/= per bag and USh11,000/= per bag when marketing costs were included.  With the value of seed averaging USh25,000 this resulted in a net profit per bag of USh14,000/=, a very high return on investment. 

This survey realised a substantial data set.  Resources available did not allow for the fullest of analysis.

How the Poor have Benefited (including gender and other poverty groups):

The quantitative results of the impact survey indicated that the project R8104 had made an impact amongst the Primary Seed Multipliers and the small-scale farmers that received seed from the Primary Seed multiplies in terms of

• Area of land cultivated that was now higher amongst beneficiaries
• Production patterns towards cultivation of potato; displaced banana production, with maize and beans remaining as the crops having the largest cultivated area.
• Production practices for potato production reflecting adoption of advocated Best Practices
• Eating patterns that were now more varied and included a higher consumption of potato; 80% of beneficiaries households reported higher levels of food security
• Income source, with potato realising a higher % of household income (34% increasing to 74%); with 42% of respondents reporting selling potato for cash

In addition to adoption amongst the project partners, the impact survey assessed the diffusion of the technologies beyond the project beneficiaries amongst neighbouring farmers and farmers of neighbouring villages and parishes.  These data supported a trend of adoption by non-beneficiaries that was strongest amongst neighbouring farmers and declined with distance from the project farmer.

In addition to the impact survey various project milestone data has been obtained for R8104 and R8435.  These are listed below:

Community structures and communication pathways

• 1 seed producer association [KASPPA]
• 4 Farmer Ware Marketing Groups
• 8 Parish Development Councils

Primary Seed Multipliers

• Number of Primary Seed Multipliers trained in seed production = 28
• Number of diffuse light seed stores built with Primary Seed Multipliers = minimum of 24
• Bags of seed distributed [End R8104] = 1340 @ 80kg per bag

Small scale farmers

• Number of smallscale farmer receiving training in ware production and seed = approx 1700
• Simple ware storage units facilities [not known]

Environmental Impact

Direct and Indirect Environmental Benefits:

The outputs of this project cluster have a common goal of increasing potato productivity and controlling bacterial wilt.  When realised these outputs will result in the more effective use of land; notably through reduced contamination of soil with Bacterial Wilt.  The impact of this outcome on the environment will be most apparent at the hill/forest interface, a region that is often characterises by potato cultivation.  In Kenya, Uganda and many other nations the encroachment of agriculture into primary forest is a significant environmental concern, and the need to open up new land is often related to the falling productivity of existing land due to soil borne pests.

Adverse Environmental Impacts:

No negative environmental impacts are envisaged.  The BCA if it were to realise commercial use would have satisfied the fullest biosafety assessments.

However, this project cluster has already realised a change in cropping practice, with potato displacing banana in order of cultivation by area.  Further, any outcome on recommended crop rotation with potato to control Bacterial Wilt might lead to a changed cropping pattern.  The environmental impacts of these landscape level changes are not known. 

Coping with the Effects of Climate Change, or Risk from Natural Disasters:

The impacts of climate change are likely to result in an increased severity of Bacterial Wilt within potato production, thus the outputs of this project should mitigate this risk. 

It is recognised that resilience to human diseases, most notably HIV and aids, is strongly related to nutrition and health.  The impact survey on R8104 reported smallholders having a more varied diet and enjoying greater food security as a result of the outputs from this project cluster, which should in turn result in improved nutrition and health and therefore improved resilience to disease.

Relevant Research Projects, with links to the
Research for Development (R4D) web site
and Technical Reports:

R4D	Project Title		Technical Report
R6344	Developing effective and efficient marketing and credit systems in semi-arid production systems
R6507	The extension of storage life and improvement of quality in fresh sweet potato through selection of appropriate cultivars and handling conditions.
R6580	Non-Chemical management of banana nematodes in East Africa
R6733	An investigation into the biology, epidemiology and management of finger millet blast in low-input farming systems in E. Africa.
R6769	Investigating the potential of cultivar differences in susceptibility to sweet potato weevil as a means of control		58 MB
R6811	Groundnut Rosette Disease Epidemiology
R7013	The role of warehousing in improving performance of agricultural markets, Phase II.
R7151	Overcoming information constraints: improving horticultural marketing and technical information flows to smallholders
R7405	Development of weed management in maize-based cropping systems
R7445	Groundnut rosette disease management. Main Report. Annex.
R7494	Optimisation of horticulture research and uptake in India through the development of technical and management systems with public and private sector partners
R7496	Marketing constraints to increasing financial returns to small and medium scale rice paddy producers in Bangladesh
R7498	Maximising incomes from sweet potato production as a contribution to rural livelihoods
	Reaching the full potential of sweet potatoes in East Africa
R7503	Integrating pest management and soil fertility management
R7520	Sweet potato cultivars with improved keeping qualities for East Africa
	Sweetpotato Postharvest Assessment. Experiences from East Africa.	Contents Chapter 5 Chapter 1 Chapter 6 Chapter 2 Chapter 7 Chapter 3 Chapter 8 Chapter 4 Chapter 9
R7529	Epidemiology, vector studies and control of banana streak virus in East Africa highland bananas
R7563	Management of cassava brown streak disease and mosaic disease in eastern and southern Africa
R7564	Integrated management of Striga species on cereal crops in Tanzania. Main Report. Annex 1 (workshop proceedings).
	Striga research activities in Dodoma region: evaluation of on-farm research trials 1999/ 2000 season Striga research activities in central zone and lake zone of Tanzania: evaluation of on-farm research trials 2000/ 2001 season Integrated management of Striga species on cereal crops in Tanzania: preliminary study of farmer perceptions of soil resources in central, lake and eastern zones Striga research activities in central, eastern, lake and southern highland zones of Tanzania: on station and on-farm trials for 2001/2002 Striga research activities in central, eastern, lake and southern highlands zones of Tanzania on station and on-farm trials for 2000/2001 season. Growth and photosynthetic response of Sorghum bicolor cultivars pato, p9405, p9406 and macia to nitrogen availability and infection by the hemiparasitic weed Striga hermonthica. Chemical characteristics of soil and sorghum from Striga infested regions of Tanzania, and the influence of fertiliser application. Striga management in Uganda. Report on a visit to Serere for CPP project R7564.
R7566	Management strategies for maize grey leaf spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis) in Kenya and Zimbabwe. Main Report. Appendix 6.
R7567	Integrated management of banana diseases in Uganda. Main Report. Photographic Plates.
R7568	Characterisation and epidemiology of root rot diseases caused by Fusarium and Pythium spp. in beans in Uganda. Main Report. Annex
R7569	Participatory promotion of disease resistant and farmer acceptable Phaseolus beans in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Main Report. Annex.
R7571	Management of virus diseases of important vegetable crops in Kenya. Main Report. Annex 1, Annex 2, Annex 3, Annex 4.
R7668	Impact and amelioration of sediment and agro-chemical pollution on Caribbean coastal waters
R7778	Rice sheath blight complex caused by Rhizoctonia species: pathogen epidemiology and management strategies
R7858	Promoting potato seed-tuber management for increased ware yields in Kenya, Uganda and the Republic of South Africa
R7962	Linking soil fertility and improved cropping strategies to development interventions
R7965	Promotion of integrated pest management strategies of major insect pests of Phaseolus beans in hillsides systems in eastern and southern Africa
R7972	Integrated management of the banana weevil in Uganda
R8014	Comparative assessment of the operational characteristics of rural water transport
	Waterways and Livelihoods: Journey to the Mainstream? Water transport and development in a rural context: the case of the Grand-Lahou region in Ivory Coast Waterways and Livelihoods: Improving rural access and mobility through the development of rural water transport Rural Water Transport: Literature Review
R8016	Enhanced accessibility for people with disabilities living in urban areas
	Enhancing the mobility of disabled people: Guidelines for practitioners Practical solutions for transport access of urban residents with disabilities
R8030	Finger millet blast in East Africa: Pathogen diversity and disease management strategies
R8040	Rapid multiplication and distribution of sweet potato varieties with high yielding and B-carotene content
R8044	Integrated management of major insect pests of potatoes in hillside systems in the Cochabamba region of Bolivia. Main Report. Appendix 1 to 7. Appendix 8 to 14.
R8104	Promoting potato seed-tuber management for increased ware yields in Kapchorwa District, Easten Uganda. Main Report. Annex.
R8105	Farmer-led multiplication of rosette resistant groundnut varieties for Eastern Uganda. Main Report. Annex.
R8113	Improved agricultural rural transport for Kenya
R8114	Improved food crops marketing though appropriate transport for poor farmers in Uganda
R8182	Strengthening technical innovation systems in potato-based agriculture in Bolivia: Bolivia Initiative
R8194	On-farm verification and promotion of green manure for enhancing upland rice productivity on Striga-infested fields in Tanzania. Main Report. Annex.
R8212	Integrated pest and soil management to combat Striga, stemborers and declining soil fertility in the Lake Victoria basin
R8215	Increasing food security and improving livelihoods through the promotion of integrated pest and soil management in lowland maize systems
R8219	Improved access to appropriate farm inputs for integrated maize crop management by small-scale farmers in Embu and Kirinyaga Districts, Kenya
R8243	Working with farmers to control sweet potato virus disease in East Africa
R8250	Decentralised market information service in Lira District, Uganda
R8273	Improving the livelihoods of small-scale sweet potato farmers in Central Uganda through a crop post harvest-based innovation system
R8274	Improvement of maize marketing through adoption of improved post-harvest technologies and farmer group storage: a case study of Kiboga and Apac districts
R8275	Farmer Organisations for market access
R8281	Linking the demand for, and supply of, agricultural production and post-harvest information in Uganda. Main Report. Annex.
R8296	Promotion of sustainable approaches for the management of root-knot nematodes on vegetables in Kenya. Main Report. Annex 1, Annex 2, Annex 4, Annex 5, Annex 6, Annex 7a, Annex 7c
R8312	Promotion of quality vegetable seed in Kenya
R8316	Bean root rot disease management in Uganda
R8341	Promoting adoption of integrated pest management in vegetable production
		Leaflet: Pest Promotion through the Cartoon Network.
R8342	Promotion of improved IPM practices for banana diseases and pests in Uganda
R8414	Promotion of bean pest IPM.
R8415	Dissemination of improved Phaseolus bean varieties in Tanzania. Main Report. Annex.
R8416	Up-scaling sustainable clean seed yam production systems for small-scale growers in Nigeria
R8417	Promoting adoption of integrated pest management in vegetable production through improved resources for Farmer Trainers
R8418	Promotion and development of the participatory market chain approach (PMCA) in Uganda
R8421	Making informed choices: facilitating farmers' enterprise selection process in Uganda
R8422	Improving farmer and other stakeholders' access to quality information and products for pre- and post- harvest maize systems management in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania.
R8429	Linking supply and demand in Uganda phase 2. Main Report. Annex.
R8435	Sustainable Potato Seed – Tuber Management and Marketing Through Commercialization (SPOMMAC). Main Report. Annex 3, Annex 4, Annex 5, Annex 7 to 11, Annex 12.
R8436	Green manure on striga infested fields in Tanzania. Main Report. Annex 1, Annex 2, Annex 3, Annex 4, Annex 5, Annex 6
R8439	Promotion of quality kale seed in Kenya
R8442	Commercial incentives for sustainable groundnut multiplication
R8443	IPM of potato pests in Bolivia
R8445	Promotion of improved finger millet
R8447	Rice pest information management
R8449	Promotion and dissemination of integrated pest and soil fertility management strategies to combat striga, stemborers and declining soil fertility in the Lake Victoria basin
R8452	Increasing food security and improving livelihoods through the promotion of integrated pest and soil management in lowland maize systems, Phase II
R8453	Promotion of an IPM strategy for maize grey leaf spot (GLS) in East Africa
R8478	Bean root rot disease management in Uganda (see also R8316)
R8480	The Good Seed Initiative - sharing the learning from CPP programmes into pro-poor seed systems in East Africa
R8485	INNOVA: Strengthening technical innovation systems in potato based agriculture in Bolivia
R8498	Analysis of promotion and uptake pathways for CPH research
R8513	Promotion of current knowledge on pests of coffee in East Africa

For relevant research projects, with links to further information

Geographical regions included:

Burundi, Ethiopia, Jamaica, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, UK, Uganda,

Target Audiences for this content:

Crop farmers,